Macromolecules And The Synthesis And Maintenance Of Cells

Eugenia Winfred Matukeni 102283 BIOLOGY A ESSAY Introduction There are four main classes of macromolecules which are found in cells. These are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. They each play an important role in the synthesis and maintenance of cells. Lipids Lipids are organic compounds such as fats, natural oils, waxes and steroids. They are amphiphilic thus construct structures like vesicles and cell membranes in damp environments. Main functions of lipids are cell signaling, formation of cell membranes and energy storage. (Fahy 2009) There are three main types of lipids found in cells these include fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains, they are stored†¦show more content†¦(Murray 2006) Proteins are important as they function as enzymes, which are specific and increase the rate of chemical reactions. They are involved in the metabolism and are involved in the creation production of DNA.(Bairoch 2000) Many proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and transportation of molecules for example ferritin which gathers iron for storage in the liver is a protein. Antibodies which help to prevent infection, illness are made from protein. They bind antigens and destroy them. Hormones are such as insulin is crucial for the regulation of glucose in the body and parathormone is important for bone remodeling. These hormones are created by proteins in the body. Proteins are important for the development, maintaining and repair of body tissues and are the building blocks for organs, muscles, skin and hair. They make up the cytoskeleton which gives cells their shape and size. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are biological molecules made up of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon with the general formula (CH2O)n (Solomon 2004). They are classed as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides an aldehyde or ketone with many hydroxyl groups added examples include uronic acids and fructose. Disaccharides are formed from monosaccharides through the elimination of water examples include sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides consist of thousands of differentShow MoreRelatedStructure and Function of Macromolecules Within a Living Organism1137 Words   |  5 PagesStructure and function of macromolecules within a living organism ‘Some biological molecules in organisms are small and simple containing only one or a few functional groups, others are large, complex assemblies called macromolecules’ [1]. The term macromolecule is convenient because the bulk properties of a macromolecule differ from those of smaller molecules. These large chemical compounds have a high molecular weight consisting of a number of structural units linked together by covalentRead MoreThe Effect Of Protein On The Body Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pages What is protein, which group belongs to, his characteristics, the structure, the base, 3. How protein is useful what is his function. 4. What they are made of?macromolecules 5. Assembly of proteins (chemical components C,H, O, N) 6. Digestion (how is protein processed through digestion), stomach and parietal cells and HCl, chief cells: pepsinogen (inactive enzyme converted to active pepsine by HCL), acidic pH and the effect of acidity Small intestine- further digestion, the role of pancreas, pancreaticRead MoreUnit 21 Health and Social Care646 Words   |  3 Pagesright amount of food and drink to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. A balanced diet consists of vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, fats (lipids) and fibre which is also known as roughage. CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are macromolecules which and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C,H,O). There are also two types of sugars, sweet soluble and starches which are non-soluble. Sugars can also be single or simple sugars.Carbohydrates can be found in a wide variety of foods suchRead MoreA Brief Note On The Field Of Biotechnology2087 Words   |  9 Pagestechnology, medicine and other fields that have include anything with bio products. Those products are also used in biotechnology for manufacturing purposes. Other words that are alike are ones that include the engineering of genes and also a technologies cell- and tissue culture. The basic idea surrounds a wide range of steps (and history) for changing living organisms according to human purposes such as going back to the cultivation of animals, plants, and advancements to these through programs that breedRead MoreCell Membrane And The Border Surrounding The Cell920 Words   |  4 PagesIn an animal cell, plasma membrane is the bor der surrounding the cell that allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes (98). Cytoplasm is region between the cell membrane and the nucleus, and that is where we find various types of organelles of specific form and their tasks (98). The nucleus is an information center that contains most of the genetic information (DNA) and it controls the activities by creating messenger RNA (mRNA) so it can instruct protein synthesis (102). The nucleus’sRead MoreNatural Therapy Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesproteolysis enzymes. The serums can be comprised of multiple allergenic and non-allergenic macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins; and low-molecular-weight compounds including pigments and salts. The breakdown of the allergen is slowed down by keeping the serum in the fridge and the serum is given an expiration date of about six months. A starting immunotherapy is given, target maintenance dose, and immunotherapy is determined by the phy sician practice and how well the patientRead MoreEssay Ap Biology Study Reading Guide Chapter 63590 Words   |  15 PagesName_______________________Period___________ Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Concept 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells 1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world was opened. Magnification and resolving power limitRead MoreA Balanced Diet3034 Words   |  13 PagesA balanced diet is one that provides an adequate intake of energy and nutrients for maintenance of the body and therefore good health. A diet can easily be adequate for normal bodily functioning, yet may not be a balanced diet. An ideal human diet contains fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre all in correct proportions. These proportions vary for each individual because everyone has different metabolic rates and levels of activity. Malnutrition results from an unbalancedRead MoreCell Biology : An Introduction Of The Cell2034 Words   |  9 PagesCell Biology An introduction to the cell The cell is the smallest unit able to sustain life, and they are often referred to as the building blocks of life. There are two primary types of cell, which are categorized according to the way their genetic material is packaged, rather than size or shape. These are: 1. Prokaryote cells - bacteria and archeans. They are single celled organisms, where the DNA is not separate from the cytoplasm. These prokaryote cells formed the earliest and most primitiveRead MoreThe Normal Cellular Location Of The Crusoe13199 Words   |  13 Pagescellular location of the CRUSOE1? [2 marks] A1: Triton X-100 is a detergent in laboratory practice and is used to permeabalize unfixed eukaryotic cell membranes and aids in solubilizing membranous proteins. The addition of the substance Triton X-100 would cause the majority of the cell membranes to become permeable thus allowing contents of the eukaryotic cell to leave via simple diffusion hence the large concentration of radioactive prominence to be situated in the supernatant fraction. Again, the detergent

The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example - 2088 Words

The 1940s in America sparked a new era in history concerning violence and warfare. The end of World War II brought the most horrific event in all of modern history to be witnessed by the world; the dropping of the Atomic Bomb, and further, the Holocaust. Born at the end of the Great War and living through this second World War, graphic imagery of the violence existing throughout her world filled the life of Shirley Jackson. Jackson’s husband Stanley Edgar Hyman wrote, â€Å"[Shirley’s] fierce visions of dissociations and madness, of alienation and withdrawal, of cruelty and terror, have been taken to be personal, even neurotic fantasies. After two rounds of drawing, one to choose the family, and one to choose the member of that family,†¦show more content†¦Although the story was published in 1948, it was a definite precursor to the 1950s, dominated by new television sitcoms helping to define the perfect American household; one maintained by the housewife. The United States during the late 1940s and 1950s was largely a patriarchal society, one in which women were expected to stay at home and raise the children. (The Lottery 145). â€Å"The Lottery† portrays this idea of women being unequal to men repeatedly. When Tessie first begins to question the fairness of the lottery, her husband replies, Shut up, Tessie (Jackson 299). Bill Hutchinson, in telling his wife to â€Å"shut up† represents the patriarchal society of the village. He shows control over his wife and represents that all men are better than women. He later shows no remorse at the death of his wife when she â€Å"wins† the lottery. Though controlled by her husband, Tessie further tries to rebel against the lottery using her voice. Unlike many of the other women in the town, by challenging the results of the lottery, Tessie represents one of the few voices of rebellion in a village controlled by tradition and complacency. Her low status as a woman h as also led many critics to state that Tessie’s fate illustrates the authority of men over women (The Lottery 141). Because Tessie is a woman, she has no say in the matters of the village. She is controlled by all men, including her husband, representing the sex roles of women in thatShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main ch aracter Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst th eir peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson9 34 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson811 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Critically examine the proposition that small alli Essay Example For Students

Critically examine the proposition that small alli Essay es have ?exploited? large allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Comment on the proposition that prospective gains for producer groups prove more important than assessment of gains to nation stCritically examine the proposition that small allies have exploited large allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Comment on the proposition that prospective gains for producer groups prove more important than assessment of gains to nation states when explaining international collaboration?The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) expanded by three new members in 1999 and thus now has nineteen members. Although most people view this to be a benefit for the future of NATO as it should enhance their strength and credibility there are those who view that it will lead to further exploitation in defence budget sharing and an allocative efficiency. It is thought that due to issues such as Globalisation the world is becoming more interlinked with organisations such as NATO and the UN comprising of more and more members. It is feared that this expansion will lead to problems with free riders taking advantage of the ever-increasing availability of the public goods offered by organisations such as NATO. There is also a case that producer groups within member countries benefit more than the actual nation states as the benefits to them are much more assured and accessible. Politicians are an example of a group, which can benefit greatly from international collaboration, as it is a tool, which can help them, gain re-election. The first real concerns over the economics of alliances were raised in Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser their writings in 1966. This raises the point that in international institutions such as NATO the smaller allies are relying on the larger allies to pay the vast amount of the defence budget and thus free riding, this became known as the exploitation hypothesis. Sandler and Hartley point out a clear example of this exploitation, as in 1970 the USA contributed 75% on NATOs defence spending with the next closest allies which included the UK, France and Germany only contributing 6%. The exploitation becomes evident when you discover that the USA only received 35% of NATOs defence benefits. Olson and Zeckhauser felt that the NATO members would never be able to gain allocative efficiency under the system they were using for defence contributions. Olson and Zeckhauser developed a test for the exploitation hypothesis this was done by dividing military expenditure by GDP and then adjusting by the ability to pay. Then those states paying a disproportionate amount of their GDP were viewed to have a heavy defence burden on them. On the other hand though it is important to note though that the capabilities of countries such as the USA to spend on defence are much greater than many other countries and thus this may mean that they have a social responsibility to contribute more than others to the NATO defence budget. It could also be the case that if these countries are helped now then they will have the ability to pay more in the future and help to reduce the defence burden on the larger allies. The table above shows clear exploitation of the USA by many of the smaller allies as their benefit shares are more than their burdens. (Tables from Sandler and Hartley 1999)The table above shows even more examples which back up Olson and Zeckhausers allocation hypothesis, Canada being a clear and constant figure in this case where consistently every year their average benefit share is much greater than their defence burden e.g. in 1970 their burden was 1.98% whilst their benefit share was 25.32%. .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 , .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .postImageUrl , .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 , .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:hover , .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:visited , .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:active { border:0!important; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:active , .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3 .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f3fabc6f15465218b4ea19dd6f168b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: For the Fire Poem Analysis Fom the Authors Perspective EssayThere are also efficiency problems, which arise when taking into account factors such as the indirect benefits of NATOs actions (especially over the 1990s). This is to do with issues such as their efforts towards peacekeeping in areas such as Eastern Europe e.g. Bosnia. These actions have helped to increase the security in the area and help it develop as a whole both economically and politically. Thee efficiency problem comes into effect when you take into account the fact that the majority of the NATO members will benefit from these actions which were mostly funded by the USA. International collaboration on the other hand can often benefit producer groups much more than it will benefit the member states. This would mean that groups such as politicians would be able to use their nations membership of international organisations to aid them in issues such as re-election. There is evidence further of this when in the 1980s Margaret Thatchers Conservative government opted to support lowering the UKs fuel emissions, which had a severely negative effect on the UK coal industry. This benefited her though rather than damaging, as the coal miners were not her voters. This therefore was a great benefit to Thatcher as she gained votes from environmentalists who may previously not have voted for her but on the other hand this may not have been of a major advantage to the UK as a whole as it created mass unemployment. There was also an example in 1991 where John Major supported an international initiative to support lower airfares. This benefited the Conservative party with public support but had a negative effect for British Airways. On the other hand though when looking at the international aviation market it has become clear that the national states were not the most important factor when the markets were set up post world war 2. The US were pushed into accepting an international cartel to run the aviation markets which was a very inefficient method as it did not allow much room for competition. The airline did not really benefit much until the 1970s when allocative efficiency came in. International institutions can also often benefit governments and producer goods as they give governments the opportunity to gain property rights in international markets and thus advance the amount of wealth available for domestic redistribution. A good example of this would be in the post war aviation markets with the Bermuda regime. This is because without international institutions to negotiate the fares, and landing rights etc. the costs would have been extremely high to the airlines and would have stunted the market develop ment. This would have lead to air travel being much more expensive and thus being much further away from allocative efficiency. The international institutions therefore increased allocative efficiency through establishing property rights in the international markets, which in turn lead to the redistribution of wealth. International collaboration through institutions such as the EU and the WTO will also be a huge advantage to producer groups as it will increase their markets for sales and also enable them to import or get goods produced cheaper than in the UK for example. This is therefore likely to have both positive and negative effects on a country such as the UK though as it will increase GDP but unemployment may rise due to manufacturing jobs being reduced. These benefits to producer groups have become extremely evident since the recent EU expansion and going further back the end of the Cold War. In conclusion with regard to the factor that the smaller allies exploit the larger allies in NATO. These are a clear lack of allocative efficiency, as the smaller allies appear to be free riding off the back of the larger allies especially the USA. In many cases some of the smaller countries are not even covering their defence burdens. Therefore in the case of the worlds developed countries this is a clear case of exploitation and taking advantage of a public good provided by the larger allies. In other countries such as Bosnia who have not been in a position to pay into NATO but have used their public goods they would not be deemed to be exploiting any of the member states. With regard to the factor that producer groups gain more from international collaboration than the nation states, it is also a debatable subject. There has been clear evidence of international collaboration being used for political or corporate gains, but it is also clear that international collaboration can help to increase the wealth and security of a country as well. The gains by the Conservative party in the eighties and nineties through international institutions are a clear example of hoe they can also be used to benefit politicians. In this case signing up to specific international treaties helped them win extra votes without losing any as the treaties did not affect to lives of their core voters directly. A clear example were producer groups are taken as a primary concern would be the USAs reluctance to sign the Kyoto treaty. This is mainly due to the fact that it is likely to cost industry in their country too much money. .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 , .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .postImageUrl , .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 , .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:hover , .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:visited , .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:active { border:0!important; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:active , .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7 .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uddb41573a51b8115a06972a4b28373d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jimmy - Racism EssayBibliographySandler and MurdochOn Sharing NATO defence burdens in the 1990s and Beyond, Fiscal Studies, vol. 21, no.3, 2000 pg. 297-327Olson and ZeckhauserAn Economic Theory of Alliances, Review of Economics and Statistics, 1966 (vol 48, no 3, pg 266-79)Richards J ETowards a positive theory of international institutions: regulating international aviation markets, International Organisation, vol 53, 1999, pg 1-37Sandler and HartleyThe Political Economy of NATO, Cambridge University Press, 1999, Chapter 2